SharePoint uses OAuth to authenticate users using "apps" and "apps" themselves. Apart from usage in apps, external (to SharePoint) servers can also authenticate their calls with S2S authentication, an implementation of OAuth.
There are a few key resources explaining that in more detail:
https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/office/jj687470.aspx
https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/office/fp179932.aspx
https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/office/fp142384.aspx
SharePoints "server-to-server" authentication model is based on OAuth. When one SharePoint farm communicates with another to support the machine translation service, S2S authentication is used - that is the relation in a few very short words. Exchange
- SharePoint and SharePoint to Workflow Manager also use S2S.
Independant SharePoint Consultant. Feel free to contact me. Blog:
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@RadiAtanassov