No you can't, it's only sub-site level.
For what you're after I'd suggest creating a site definition in Visual Studio that includes everything you need, or if that's a bit overkill, you can look at creating a WSP that contains all your columns. These can then be activated on a site / site
collection level (depending upon the scoping) independant of any template.
Steven Andrews | SharePoint Professional | http://www.twitter.com/backpackerd00d | https://baron72.wordpress.com/